Table of Contents
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………… v
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study………………………………………………………………………. 1
Background of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Purpose of the Study……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Research Question…………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Nature of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Assumptions…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
Scope and Delimitations…………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Limitations……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Significance to Practice…………………………………………………………………………….. 16
Significance to Theory………………………………………………………………………………. 16
Significance to Social Change……………………………………………………………………. 17
Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
Chapter 2: Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Literature Search Strategy………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………………………… 23
Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
Background…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
Focused Literature Review……………………………………………………………………….. 45
Summary & Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………… 68
Chapter 3: Research Method………………………………………………………………………………… 74
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
Research Design and Rationale……………………………………………………………………….. 74
Role of the Researcher……………………………………………………………………………………. 77
Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80
Participant Selection Logic………………………………………………………………………… 80
Instrumentation……………………………………………………………………………………….. 81
Procedures for Recruitment, Participation, and Data Collection…………………….. 83
Data Analysis Plan…………………………………………………………………………………… 84
Issues of Trustworthiness……………………………………………………………………………….. 87
Credibility……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
Transferability………………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
Dependability………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
Confirmability…………………………………………………………………………………………. 90
Ethical Procedures……………………………………………………………………………………. 90
Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
Chapter 4: Results………………………………………………………………………………………………. 95
Research Setting……………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
Demographics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
Data Collection……………………………………………………………………………………………… 97
Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………. 101
Evidence of Trustworthiness…………………………………………………………………………. 105
Credibility……………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
Transferability………………………………………………………………………………………… 106
Dependability………………………………………………………………………………………… 107
Confirmability……………………………………………………………………………………….. 108
Study Results………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
Learning How to be You Again……………………………………………………………….. 111
Reaching Out for Help……………………………………………………………………………. 117
Finding Your Way to Methadone…………………………………………………………….. 127
Going Down the Path of Methadone………………………………………………………… 134
Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 143
Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations…………………………………… 146
Interpretation of Findings……………………………………………………………………………… 147
Learning How to be You Again……………………………………………………………….. 147
Reaching Out for Help……………………………………………………………………………. 151
Finding Your Way to Methadone…………………………………………………………….. 154
Going Down the Path of Methadone………………………………………………………… 155
Interpretation of Findings and the Conceptual Framework………………………….. 158
Limitations of the Study……………………………………………………………………………….. 161
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………………….. 162
Implications for Positive Social Change………………………………………………………….. 165
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 169
References……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171
Appendix: Interview Guide……………………………………………………………………………….. 191
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