Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Client Health
- Characteristic Findings of Immune Dysfunction for AIDS
HIV-1 and its sequelae, AIDS, are major global causes of morbidity and mortality. The WHO (2021) reports that 37.7 million were living with the disease as of 2020. Africa accounted for over two-thirds of this population. AIDS affects the immune system adversely, thus, exposing the body to opportunistic diseases that result in the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS. The condition is associated with an immune dysfunction with a persistent inflammatory state and morbid increase of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Inflammation is the body’s normal reaction to pathogens, but HIV causes the persistent inflammatory state, which is a complex feedback loop. An HIV infection will lead to inflammation, but it also facilitates the occurrence of more inflammation that damages normal cells and tissues unaffected by HIV. The morbid increase of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines worsens the state of the immune system and is also a contributing factor to chronic inflammation. The symptoms of the disease occur in three stages. The first is exhibits flu-like symptoms such as fatigue, sore throat, mouth ulcers, and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms can last anywhere from days to months. The second stage is characterized by fewer to no symptoms and can last for a decade. The patient exhibits rapid weight loss, extreme fatigue, body sores, and neurologic disorders during the third stage. During this stage, the patients’ daily living becomes a burden to themselves and the family.
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